Improving Lives One Person at a Time since 1984.
Underwood, G. (1976). Semantic inference from unattended printed words. British Journal of Psychology, 67, pp 327-338.
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Underwood, G. (1977). Attention, awareness and hemispheric differences in word recognition. Neuropsychologia, 15, pp 61-67.
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Underwood, G. (1980). Memory systems and conscious processes. In G. Underwood (Ed.)
Aspects of Consciousness.***
Underwood, G. (1994). "Subliminal perception on TV." Nature 370(6485): 103.
Determined whether a smiling face imposed subliminally on an expressionless face could effect the judgement of emotion. Results indicated that emotional judgements could be so effected.
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Underwood, G. & Moray, N. (1971). Shadowing and monitoring for selective attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 23, pp 284-295.
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Ungaro, R. (1982). The role of ego strength and alternative subliminal messages in behavioral treatment of obesity. Adelphi University. Dissertation Abstracts International, 42 (10-B), pp 4215-4216. ISSN: 0419-4209.
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Urban, M. J. (1992). "Auditory subliminal stimulation: A re-examination." Perceptual & Motor Skills 74(2): 515-541.
Provides a review of methodological difficulties in the production of commercial subliminal audio tapes and comments and reliable methods of masking.
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Urban, M. (1993). "Auditory subliminal stimulation: Methods." Perceptual & Motor Skills 76(3, Pt 2): 1103-1106.
A standard method for creating subliminal audio tapes is proposed.
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Valind, B. & Valind, L. (1968). Effects of subliminal
stimulation on homographs. Lund University, Psychological Lab., Sweden.
Psychological Research Bulletin, 88, 9 p.
Brigitte Valind and Lars Valind studied the effects of subliminal
stimulation on homographs.
For this experiment, a picture was flashed on a screen at a subliminal
exposure time.
This picture was related to 1 of the 2 meanings of a homograph, which
was presented immediately after the picture, but at supraliminal exposure
time.
The subliminal stimulus was shown to have an effect on verbal associations
to the homograph, but not on latency.
This effect was evident only for homographs, where in a pilot study the
subject's association could be traced equally often to 1 or the other
of the 2 meanings of the homograph.
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Van den Hout, M., N. Tenney, et al. (1995). "Responding to subliminal threat cues is related to trait anxiety and emotional vulnerability: A successful replication of Macleod and Hagan (1992)." Behaviour Research & Therapy 33(4): 451-454.
Replicated the findings of C. Macleod and R. Hagan demonstrating the correlation between threat relevant interference and trait anxiety. Researchers used the Stroop (MST) to investigate the relationship between subliminal threat cues and selective attention.
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Van Selst, M. and P. M. Merikle (1993). "Perception below the objective threshold?" Consciousness & Cognition: an International Journal 2(3): 194-203.
Researchers conducted three studies to test the findings of M. Snodgrass et al suggesting that words are perceived even when forced -choice analysis fails to indicate so. Subjects were divided into groups. One group was allowed to say whatever "popped" into their heads. Results for the "popped" group revealed preference for one of the two task strategies used in the study deviated significantly more than chance.
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VandenBoogert, C. (1984). A study of Potentials Unlimited subliminal persuasion self-hypnosis tapes. Grand Rapids, MI: Potentials Unlimited.
Carol VandenBoogert surveyed 600 Potentials Unlimited subliminal tape
users.
It was found that success tended to increase after listening to subliminal
tapes for more than 15 days, with many individuals needing longer exposure.
A consistent pattern of listening was not important.
She reported that subliminal tape users are able to carry on with their
regular business without needing to follow a particular frequency or playing
pattern.
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Varga, M.P. (1974). An experimental study of aspects of the psychoanalytic theory of elation. New York University. Dissertation Abstracts International, 34 (8-B), pp 4062-4063.
Michael Varga performed this experiment in order to investigate experimentally
the psychodynamics of elation.
The subjects all showed mood instability with both depressive and hypomanic
trends.
The subjects were divided into four groups, and received one of following
four subliminal presentations of various pictorial and verbal stimuli,
The subjects were primed prior to the presentation of the stimuli.1) a picture of a person about to stab an older woman, the aggression stimulus,
2) a picture of a child crying over a coffin in which a woman is laid out, with the caption "I have lost mommy", the loss stimulus,
3) a picture of a woman nursing a baby, with the caption "mommy feeds me", the "oral-gratification" stimulus, and
4) either of two pictures of people standing side by side, with the caption "people are walking", the control stimulus.
The results supported the hypothesis that the arousal of aggressive drive derivatives may lead to depression since there was a highly significant drop in hypomania, and a significant rise in mood depression for subjects receiving the aggression stimulus.a) the subliminal presentation of the oral gratification stimulus would reinforce images related to hypomanic denial, resulting in a hypomanic mood state, whereas
b) the presentation of the aggression and the loss stimuli would each results in a depressive mood state, the first through arousal of threatening depressive drive derivatives which would be turned innards resulting in depression, and the second through reinforcing depressive images and fantasies.
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Vilenskaya, L. (1985). Firewalking and beyond. PSI Research, San Francisco, CA. PSI Research, 4 (2), pp 89-109. San Francisco, CA.
Larissa Vilenskaya reports observations of the Fear into Power:
The Firewalker Experience seminar in San Francisco.
The use of neurolinguistic programming techniques and Eriksonian embedded
(subliminal) commands by the leader is described.
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Vitiello, M. V., A. S. Carlin, et al. (1989). "The effect of subliminal oedipal and competitive stimulation on dart throwing: Another miss." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 98(1): 54-56.
Results of this study failed to show an improvement in motor skills
due to the presentation of SPA.
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Voight, R.A. (1982). Stress reactivity of cardiorespiratory fit and unfit individuals after progressive neuromuscular relaxation training. University of Maryland. Dissertation Abstracts International, 43 (07-A), p. 2278.
Robert Voight used both neuromuscular relaxation training and
subliminal audio tapes to prepare fit and unfit subjects for response
to stress.
It was found that the degree of fitness did not influence the effect of
relaxation training, and that stress response was not related to level
of cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Vokey, J.R. & Read, J.D. (1985). Subliminal messages: Between
the devil and the media. University of Lethbridge, Canada. American Psychologist,
40 (11), pp 1231-1239. ISSN: 0003 066X.
John Vokey and Don Read examined the controversial public issue
of subliminal messages in advertising and popular music.
The subjects completed a wide variety of tasks to determine whether any
evidence exists that such messages affect behavior.
The results revealed no evidence to support such a claim.
It is suggested that the apparent presence of backward messages in popular
music is more a function of active construction on the art of the perceiver
than of the existence of the messages themselves.
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Voronin, L. G., P. P. Novikov, et al. (1984). "Formation and development
of temporary connections with participation of perceived and nonperceived
sound stimuli." Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'Nosti 34(5): 855-860.
Perceived and non-perceived sound stimuli were found to be processed in different manners. The hypothesis of relative independence of process of formation of reactions is discussed.