Improving Lives One Person at a Time since 1984.
Louis Aarons states that the differences in results obtained from studies on sleep learning, can be explained by differences in procedures and the lack of an established criterion for sleep.
From his research, Aarons deduced that the conditions necessary for effective sleep-learning are; low voltage EEG sleep patterns, positive motivation, meaningful learning materials, coordination with wake-learning activities and extended training.
***
Adam G. (1978). Visceroception, awareness and behavior. In G.E. Schwartz and D. Shapiro (Eds.) Consciousness and Self-regulation, Vol. 2, pp 199-213. Chichester, Wiley.
From his research, Adam found that:
Findings 1 and 2 demonstrate cortical discrimination of the spatial separation between two subliminal visceral stimuli.1. Without any awareness of an intestinal stimulus (i.e. the inflating of a balloon lodged in the duodenum), the latter evoked an EEG arousal response.
2. The inflation of a similar intestinal balloon, which had been located 15 cm away from the first, resulted in renewed blocking of the EEG. This occurred inspite of the eventual habituation to the first stimulus.
With finding 3 however, it was possible to bring eventual awareness of the cervical stimuli by using verbally mediated biofeedback.3. When subliminal electric shocks were delivered to the cervix uteri of human subjects, there was, once again, electrographic evidence of cortical discrimination without awareness.
***
Adams, J.K. (1957). Laboratory studies of behavior with awareness.
Psychological Bulletin, 54, pp 383-405.
In this article Adams summarizes the findings of 76 earlier studies of
behavior without awareness.
From his research Adam concludes that subjects have been able to discriminate
among many types of auditory and visual stimuli presented below the threshold
of awareness to a degree greater than chance.
***
Adams, T.L. (1986). Subliminal self improvement. East Detroit: Adams Life Enhancement Programs.
Terry Adams covers the evolution of subconscious learning, hypnosis, and subliminal communication in advertising and self-improvement.
***
Adams, V. (1982, May). Mommy and I are one. Psychology Today, 16 (5), pp 24-36.
Virginia Adams examines the research which has been carried out on subliminal
perception.
The work of Lloyd Silverman is emphasized.
Silverman has conducted or directed more than 50 studies demonstrating
that the subliminal presentation of emotionally charged messages can trigger
unconscious thoughts and feelings and thus alter behavior.
It is Silverman who used a tachistoscope (apparatus for brief exposure
of visual stimuli) to subliminally project words such as, "Mommy and I
are one."
It was from his research that Silverman derived the theory of psychodynamic
activation. This theory states that wish related subliminal stimuli have
the power to activate psychodynamic processes - processes in which unconscious
wishes, fantasies, anxieties and defensive operations - effect overt behavior.
***
Adamson, R., Henke, P. & O'Donovan, D. (1969). Avoidance conditioning
following preadaptation to weak shock. Psychonomic Science, 14 (3),
pp 119-121.
Robert Adamson, Peter Henke and Denis O'Donovan preadapted four groups
of rats to no shock, 0.004, 0.008 and 0.02 ma.
The rats were then conditioned in a jump box to 0.03 ma. shock preceded
by a bell.
The 0.004 and 0.008 groups required significantly fewer trials.
The results were related to those of studies using subliminal anchor stimuli
with human subjects.
***
Aiba, T.S. (1963). Can the absolute threshold be conditioned? Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65, pp 233-9.
In this study, Aiba states that the absolute threshold can be altered by conditioning.
***
Ainsworth, L.L. (1989). "Problems with subliminal perception." Journal of Business & Psychology 3(3): 361-365.
The Author suggests that popular accounts of subliminal perception omit critical details and he discusses the results of such omissions.
Allen, G.J. & Condon, T.J. (1982). Whither subliminal psychodynamic activation? A reply to Silverman. University of Connecticut, Storrs. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 91 (2), pp 131 133. ISSN: 0021-843X
George Allen and Thomas Condon reply to comments by L.H. Silverman on
their earlier criticisms of subliminal symbiotic stimulation as a clinical
adjunct to systematic desensitization.
The authors state that none of the "contradictory" evidence deals with
desensitization or any other treatment for phobic anxiety.
The authors believe that the alternative explanations Silverman derives
from the new data are based on an arbitrary and simplistic method of data
aggregation that lacks consistency across investigations.
As a result, the authors state that the resulting selective bias severely
reduces the explanatory power of these alternative possibilities. As such
the authors still believe that stimulation of unconscious merging fantasies
is superfluous in desensitization.
***
Allison, J. (1963). Cognitive structure and receptivity to low
intensity stimulation. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,
67, pp 132-8.
Research by Allison has shown that a relaxed state favors subliminal
determination. However, this is only true of right hemisphericity subjects.
For a subliminal stimulus to be effective, there must be no competing
cognitive structure"
There is clear support for the hypothesis that, a cognitive structure
which allows for less logical, less differentiated elements, can better
permit the incorporation of new stimuli.
Subliminal effects are maximized by having the subject in a state of relaxed
passivity."
***
Allport, D.A. (1980). Patterns and actions and attention and performance. In G.L. Claxton (Ed.) New Directions in Cognitive Psychology. Chapters 2 and 4. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Allport states that there are certain rules which govern the interplay
between memory, motivation and action.
These rules are either acquired or innate.
***
Anderson, A., Fries, I. & Smith, G.J.W. (1970). Change in after image and spiral after-effect serials due to anxiety caused by subliminal threat. Scandinavian Journal Of Psychology, 11 (1), pp 7-16.
Alf Anderson, Ingrid Fries and Gudmund Smith performed an experiment
which involved the serial projection of negative afterimages, combined
with the aftereffects of a rotating spiral.
In the middle of the sequence, the experimental subjects were subjected
to subliminal threats by means of a metacontrast technique.
The results were as predicted and differed markedly from the results in
the control groups.
***
Anderson, A., Nilson, A., Ruuth, E. & Smith, G.J.W. (1970). Change in after-image and after effect serials due to anxiety caused by subliminal threat. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, pp 7-16.
***
Anderson, A., Nilson, A., Ruuth, E., & Smith, G.J.W. (1972) Visual
after effects and the individual as an adaptive system. Lundi:
Gleerup.
Andersson, Nilson, Ruuth and Smith demonstrated that a threatening stimulus
masked by metacontrast may affect the color and duration of post-stimulus
phenomena, such as after-images and the spiral after-effect.
In these studies, the influence of unconsciously registered meaning on
a meaningless perceptual experience suggests that the subliminal stimulus
was acting upon perceptual processes rather than response behavior.
***
Antell, M. (1969). The effect of subliminal activation of sexual and
aggressive drive derivatives on literary creativity. New York University.
Dissertation Abstracts International, 30, p. 3859B.
Antell reported positive results in an investigation which replicates Silverman's dart experiment.
***
Antell, M.J. (1970). The effect of priming and the subliminal presentation of sexual and aggressive stimuli on tests of creativity. New York University. Dissertation Abstracts International, 30 (8-B), pp 3859-3860.
Maxine Antell tested the effects of the subliminal activation of sexual and aggressive drives on creativity.
***
Antell, M.J., & Goldberger, L. (1978). The effects of subliminally presented sexual and aggressive stimuli on literary creativity. Lund University. Psychological Research Bulletin, 18 (7), p. 20. ISSN: 0348-3673.
Maxine Antell and Leo Goldberger examined the effects of sexual and
aggressive stimuli on creativity.
Two groups of subjects (creative and noncreative) received three conditions;
sexual, aggressive and neutral stimulation.
On the Remote Associates Test, creative and noncreative groups did not
differ on a baseline measurement.
Combining the groups gave results which showed that drive activation did
facilitate creativity, and that sexual activation was superior to aggressive
activation for this purpose.
In a task composing metaphors, drive activation was disruptive to performance.
It was found that aggressive activation was more disruptive than sexual
stimulation, and that the noncreative group was more susceptible to such
disruption than the creative group.
***
Arey, L.B. (1960). The indirect representation of sexual stimuli by schizophrenic and normal subject. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 61 (3), pp 424-41.
In this study, it was shown that information presented below the awareness
threshold tended to evoke semantically related responses.
The study required normal and schizophrenic males to guess the nature
of tachistoscopically exposed sexual and neutral pictures.
While both groups gave symbolic responses to the subliminal stimuli, the
normal males reflected positive attitudes and schizophrenics reflected
negative attitudes toward sex.
This study showed that subliminal effects have unique characteristics
different from effects of supraliminal stimuli.
***
Ariam, S. (1980). The effects of subliminal symbiotic stimuli in Hebrew on academic performances of Israeli high school students. (Doctoral dissertation, New York University. Dissertation Abstracts International, 40 (11-A), p. 5782.
Sima Ariam found that the use of subliminal symbiotic stimuli improved the academic performance of Israeli high school students.
***
Ariam, S & Siller, J. (1982). Effects of subliminal oneness stimuli in Hebrew on academic performance of Israeli high school students: further evidence on the adaptation-enhancing effects of symbiotic fantasies in another culture using another language. New York University. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 91 (5), pp 343-349. ISSN: 0021-843X.
Sima Ariam and Jerome Siller observed the effects of subliminal oneness
stimuli in Hebrew on the academic performance of Israeli high school students.
This study provides evidence about the therapeutic effects of symbiotic
fantasies in another culture using another language.
The subjects were 72 Israeli 10th graders (matched for sex, math class
and previous math grades) randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups.
It was decided before the study to eliminate from the data analysis any
students who were not from a Hebrew-speaking home, any students who could
not be matched with other students on the three variables, and any student
who had sporadic attendance during the six-week period of the study due
to illness, etc.
Each group was tachistoscopically presented with subliminal exposures
to one of four Hebrew translations of printed stimuli; "Mommy and I are
one" (2 versions), "My teacher and I are one" and a neutral stimulus,
"People are walking in the street."
Each subject received subliminal stimulation four times a week over a
six-week period.
Achievement tests administered six weeks apart showed that the groups
exposed to either version of "Mommy and I are one" exhibited significantly
higher scores than either of the other groups.
There was no difference in the achievement tests administered to the groups
exposed to the subliminal stimuli "My teacher and I are one and "People
walking in the street".
Neither version of mommy and I are one was superior to the other.
The results support the hypothesis that the adaptation-enhancing effects
of the symbolic fantasy represents a general human phenomenon and are
consistent with findings of other studies.
***
Arzumanov Iul & Arzumanov Il (1974). Elaboration of temporary
connections in man using unrecognized visual stimuli. Zh Vyssh Nerv
Deiat., 24 (5), pp 917-923. Language: RUSSIAN.
***
Asciutto, C. L. (1991). The effects of subliminal stimulation on
the interpretation of ambiguous sentences and figures, California School
of Professional Psychology, San Diego, US.
***
Ashley, D. (1993). The effect of subliminally-presented reinforcing
stimuli on factual material, U Southern California, US.
In this study, the researcher used the "Taylor method" to embed visual
affirmations. Results showed a positive correlation suggesting that the
subliminally reinforced factual material increased students scores on
a final exam.
***
Athens, A. (1973, December). Beware, here comes the mind manipulators. Family Health, pp 38 42.
Art Athens discusses the use of subliminal technology for reducing retail theft.
***
Augenbraun, H.R. (1983). The effect of subliminal activation of unconscious
fantasies in the treatment of juvenile-onset and adult-onset obesity.
Memphis State University. Dissertation Abstracts International,
43 (12-B), p. 4134. ISSN: 0419-4209.
Hedy Augenbraun examined the effect of subliminal activation of unconscious fantasies in the treatment of weight reduction for females with juvenile- and adult- onset obesity.
***
Aurell, C.G. (1979, October). Perception: A model comprising two modes of consciousness. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 49 (2), pp 431-444.
***
Averback, E. & Coriell, A.S. (1961). Short term memory in vision. Bell System Technical Journal, 40, pp 309-28.
In this study, it was found subjects may continue to obtain information from a subliminal stimulus for a brief period after the tachistoscopic exposure has ended.